Treatments of palpebral congenital melanocytic nevus: a systematic review

Purpose: Palpebral congenital melanocytic nevi (PCMN) is a rare congenital skin lesion affecting the eyelids that can lead to cosmetic and psychological concerns and potential health risks such as malignancy. Several authors have analyzed therapeutical strategies to treat PCMN. However, there was no consensus in the literature. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and success of treatments of PCMN. Methods: We conducted a systematic review following PRISMA guidelines from October 2022 to April 2023. We included all types of study designs that described or compared PCMN treatments and interventions, as well as histology, recurrence, adverse events, patient satisfaction, and malignant transformation. The search strategy was based on specific search words through the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (Lilacs), Web of Science, and Scopus. Ongoing studies and gray literature studies were included. Results: We analyzed 25 case reports with 148 participants. The effectiveness, success, and satisfaction with various treatments for PCMN depend on the specific treatment method and the individual patient's case. Conclusions: Most of the studies showed that surgical procedures (exeresis) are able to treat PCMN in the eyelid. The variability in outcomes emphasizes the importance of further research to better understand the most effective and safe approaches for treating congenital melanocytic nevi.

Expression of endoglin, CD105, in conjunctival melanocytic nevi: Is it suspicious like in thyroidology? Oculi plus vident quam oculus?

SUMMARY Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of endoglin and its correlation with histopathological and clinical findings in conjunctival nevi. Methods: The study included archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 44 patients with conjunctival nevi. Immunohistochemical staining for CD105 had been performed with monoclonal mouse antihuman CD105 antibodies. The intratumoral microvessel density for quantification of tumoral vascularization had been determined by this marker. Results: The expression of CD105 was positive in 30 (68.2%) cases. There was a statistically significant difference in the level of CD105 expression regarding the histological type of nevus (p=0.03) and intralesional cysts status (p=0.02). Spearman's rho (ρ −0.316) revealed a significant negative correlation between the expression of endoglin and the histological type of nevus (p=0.03) and between the expression of endoglin and the presence of intralesional cysts (ρ −0.380, p=0.01). Conclusion: This study suggests that endoglin could be a useful diagnostic and prognostic marker in differentiating between benign and malignant melanocytic ocular lesions.

Efficacy of surgical treatment for 35 children with nail matrix nevi / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To explore rational surgical treatment for childhood nail matrix nevi.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on clinical data from 35 children with pathologically confirmed nail matrix nevi, who received surgical treatment in Children′s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University from September 2015 to March 2019. Different surgical approaches were adopted according to the site and width of lesions. For lesions with a width of ≤ 3 mm, the nail bed and nail matrix lesions were directly excised with 1-to-2-mm margins and sutured in 11 cases. For lesions with a width of > 3 mm, one of the following 3 surgical procedures was selected by the children′s parents: (1) shaving of nail bed and nail matrix lesions under a microscope at ×8 magnification (8 cases) ; (2) excision of lesions followed by full-thickness skin grafting on the periosteum of the phalanx (8 cases) ; (3) excision of lesions of the second to fifth fingers followed by transfer of skin flaps from the thenar muscle area and full-thickness skin grafting (5 cases) , or excision of lesions of the thumb followed by abdominal-wall flap transfer (3 cases) . The patients were followed up for 12 months, and clinical efficacy was evaluated.Results:During the follow-up, no recurrence occurred in the 11 cases receiving direct excision and suture, with good appearances and longitudinal linear scars on the nail. Among the 8 cases receiving shaving therapy under a microscope, 4 experienced relapse during the follow-up of 6 - 12 months, and the nail/toenail plates were rough and poor in lustrousness in the other 4 without recurrence. No recurrence was observed in the 8 cases receiving excision of the lesions and full-thickness skin grafting, of whom 1 experienced skin graft necrosis, and skin grafts survived with obvious pigmentation in the other 7 cases. Among cases receiving excision of the lesions combined with transfer of skin flaps from the thenar muscle area or abdominal-wall flap transfer, no recurrence was observed, and all transferred flaps survived; good appearances, nearly normal color and gloss of nails were obtained in the cases after transfer of skin flaps from the thenar muscle area, while the color and gloss of postoperative nails were markedly different from those of normal nails in the cases receiving abdominal-wall flap transfer.Conclusion:For nail matrix nevi with a width of ≤ 3 mm, direct excision and suture with 1-to-2-mm margins are recommended; for those with a width of > 3 mm, excision of lesions combined with full-thickness skin grafting, transfer of skin flaps from the thenar muscle area or abdominal-wall flap transfer is recommended; the shaving procedure under a microscope should be used with caution.

Application of transverse closure of longitudinal incisions in reconstructing pentagonal full-thickness defects of the lower eyelid margin / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To investigate the application of transverse closure of longitudinal incisions in repairing pentagonal full-thickness defects of the lower eyelid margin.Methods:A retrospective analysis was performed on clinical data collected from 26 patients with melanocytic nevi at the lower eyelid margin in Department of Dermatology, The Third People′s Hospital of Hangzhou from July 2016 to June 2019. Among the 26 patients, 10 were males, and 16 were females. After lesion resection, all the pentagonal full-thickness defects of the lower eyelid margin were repaired via transverse closure of longitudinal incisions.Results:All the pentagonal defects of the 26 cases were successfully repaired. The longitudinal incisions perpendicular to the eyelid were successfully converted into transverse incisions parallel to the eyelid margin and near the eyelash, and all incisions healed primarily. After surgery, mild congestion of the lower eyelid occurred in 3 patients, and temporary blurred vision in 1. During 1 - 2 years of postoperative follow-up, 26 patients all achieved symmetrical appearance of the skin and soft tissues around the eyes, without obvious postoperative scars or lower eyelid ectropion.Conclusions:Horizontal closure of longitudinal incisions can be used to repair the pentagonal full-thickness defects of the lower eyelid margin, because it can convert the incision closure line perpendicular to the lower eyelid margin into a horizontal transverse incision closure line parallel to the lower eyelid margin, so that the incisions and scars of the lower eyelid can be hided with a satisfactory cosmetic effect.

Clinical and pathological analysis of six cases of Meyerson nevi / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To investigate clinical and histopathological features of Meyerson nevus.Methods:Clinical and histopathological data were collected from 6 patients with confirmed Meyerson nevi in Department of Dermatology, the Fourth Military Medical University from January 2015 to January 2019, and retrospectively analyzed.Results:Among the 6 patients, 3 were males and 3 were females, with a median age of 10.5 years (range, 7 months to 28 years). Skin lesions were located on the extremities of 3 cases, as well as on the trunk of 3 cases. Meyerson nevi arose from congenital pigmented nevi in 4 cases, as well as from acquired pigmented nevi in 2 cases. The duration of pigmented nevi varied from 7 months to 18 years. Four patients felt itching in the past 2 months, and 2 had no concomitant symptoms such as itching. Central pigmented nevi manifested as papules in 5 cases and a plaque in 1 case, which were brown or black in color, with regular shapes, uniform pigmentation and clear borders. Pigmented nevi were surrounded by a halo of erythema in 6 cases, and skin lesions were covered with scales or crusts in 4 cases. Histopathological examination of Meyerson nevi revealed characteristics of both pigmented nevus and eczema. Histopathologically, pigmented nevi manifested as junctional nevi or compound nevi, and eczema manifested as serous exudation, irregular epidermal hyperplasia, spongiosis and perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes in the superficial dermis.Conclusions:Meyerson nevus is rare, and mostly occurs on the trunk and extremities. When itching occurs or erythema appears around the pigmented nevus, the diagnosis of Meyerson nevus should be considered.

Clinicopathological features of 10 cases of congenital melanocytic nevi complicated by proliferative nodules / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective:To investigate clinical and histopathological features of congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) complicated by proliferative nodules (PN) .Methods:Ten patients with clinically and pathologically confirmed CMN complicated by PN were collected from Department of Dermatology, the Fourth Military Medical University from 2015 to 2019, and their clinical and pathological data were analyzed retrospectively.Results:The 10 patients were aged from 2 to 45 years, with an average age of 15 years. Nine patients developed PN in infancy, and 1 in adulthood. The skin lesions were located on the extremities in 4 cases, on the head and face in 3 cases, and on the trunk in 2 cases, and the trunk and extremities were both involved in 1 case. Skin lesions clinically manifested as 1 or more nodules arising in black patches or plaques. Six patients presented with multiple PN, 4 with solitary PN, with the diameter of a single nodule being 0.2-1.5 cm, and only 1 case presented with ulcers. Histopathological examination showed mature melanocytes in the PN, with few mitotic figures, no obvious cytological atypia, and no necrosis. Immunohistochemical study showed that nevus cells diffusely expressed Melan-A, but did not express or partially expressed HMB45, and the Ki67 proliferation index was below 5%.Conclusion:CMN complicated by PN can occur on the extremities, head, face, and trunk, clinically manifesting as solitary or multiple nodules on pre-existing CMN; histopathologically, mature melanocytes can be observed in PN, immunohistochemical staining for HMB45 and Ki67 can facilitate the diagnosis, and its prognosis needs long-term follow-up.

Clinical effect of large medium thickness skin graft on the back combined with autologous razor thick skin replantation to the back donor area in the treatment of giant congenital melanocytic nevus of the upper limb in children / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of large medium thickness skin graft on the back and scalp replantation in the back donor area after complete resection of giant congenital melanoma nevus (GCMN) in children′s upper limbs.Methods:From April 2017 to may 2020, 16 pediatric patients with GCMN of upper limbs were treated in the First Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Military Medical University, including 9 males and 7 females, aged from 2 years to 7 months to 12 years. Giant melanoma nevus area 14 cm×11 cm-23 cm×20 cm, the wound after removing the skin of giant melanocytic nevus of the limb was covered with vaseline oil gauze for 2-3 days, and then a large medium thickness skin graft was cut on the back with a drum skin extractor for transplantation. The wound in the back skin donor area was replanted with a blade thick scalp.Results:The effect of excision of giant nevus of upper limb and skin grafting on the wound of back medium thickness donor area in 16 pediatric patients was satisfactory, and there were no serious complications such as skin necrosis and poor survival. Plasma swelling was formed under the skin graft of one child′s limb, which healed after opening and drainage and three dressing changes. Anti-scar and rehabilitation treatment was performed on the limb and donor site.The patients were followed up for 6-18 months. There was no obvious scar hyperplasia and contracture in the skin graft area and donor area. The skin color and elasticity of the back and limb skin graft area were close to the normal skin around the wound, and the activities of elbow joint, wrist joint and interphalangeal joint were not limited. The parents of the pediatric were satisfied with the function and appearance of the limb skin graft area and back skin donor area of giant nevus.Conclusions:The function and appearance of large medium thickness skin graft on the back after excision of congenital giant nevus of upper limb in pediatric are better; There is no obvious scar formation after scalp replantation in the back donor area, and the repair effect is better.

Nevo azul no aparato ungueal: relato de um caso / Blue nevus of the nail apparatus: a case report

A discromia azul das unhas possui vários diagnósticos diferenciais. Crescimento da lesão, distrofia ungueal associada e extensão periungueal requerem avaliação para excisão cirúrgica. Mulher, 27 anos, apresentava mancha azulada, semicircular, ocupando cerca de 50% da lúnula, sem alteração da lâmina suprajacente, com pequena alteração da porção distal da unha, com camadas do tipo "onicosquizia localizada", sem história prévia de trauma ou sangramento. Realizada avulsão parcial da placa e biópsia excisional por saucerização da lesão fortemente pigmentada. O exame histopatológico foi compatível com nevo azul. Sugere-se que, neste caso, o nevo se situasse em posição submatricial, não interferindo, portanto, na coloração da lâmina ungueal

Blue nail dyschromia has several differential diagnoses. Lesion growth, associated nail dystrophy, and nail extension require evaluation for surgical excision. We report the case of a 27-year-old woman presenting a bluish, semicircular stain, occupying about 50% of the lunula. The patient presented no changes in the overlying lamina, small alteration of the distal nail portion, localized onychoschizia-type layers, and no previous trauma or bleeding history. We performed partial avulsion of the plaque and shave biopsy, evidencing an intensely pigmented lesion. Histopathological examination was compatible with blue nevus. In this case, the nevus should be located in the sub-matricial position, thus not interfering with the nail plate color

Osteonevus of Nanta: a case report in a combined melanocytic nevus

Abstract Secondary osteoma cutis is a phenomenon that may occur in several conditions. When it occurs in a melanocytic nevus it is named osteonevus of Nanta, an event considered uncommon and characterized by the presence of bone formation adjacent or interposed with melanocytic cells. There are reports of its occurrence in various melanocytic lesions, being more frequently associated with intradermal nevus. We report a case of osteonevus of Nanta in combined nevus, possibly the first description of this association.

Analysis of special histopathological characteristics of 1011 cases of melanocytic nevi / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To analyze special histopathological characteristics of melanocytic nevi and their associations with age,gender,anatomical locations and pathological subtypes.Methods Clinical and histopathological data were collected from 1 011 patients with melanocytic nevi,who visited Beijing Hospital from January 2005 to January 2019,and analyzed retrospectively.Statistical analysis was carried out by using chi-square test for comparing enumeration data,and t test for comparing measurement data.Results Among the 1 011 patients with melanocytic nevi,the age at the clinic visit was 40.90 + 19.19years,and there were 289 males and 722 females.Lesional (biopsy) sites included the trunk (402 cases,39.8％),face and neck (268 cases,26.5％),extremities (138 cases,13.6％),hands and feet (133 cases,13.2％),scalp (53 cases,5.2％) and vulva (17 cases,1.7％).Pathological subtypes included intradermal nevus (580 cases,57.4％),compound nevus (333 cases,32.9％) and junctional nevus (98 cases,9.7％).Among special histopathological characteristics,neuralization and adipose cell hyperplasia were observed in 172 (17.0％) and 155 (15.3％) cases respectively,and the prevalence of neuralization and adipose cell hyperplasia was significantly higher in female patients than in male patients,higher in elderly patients than in young patients,and higher on the scalp than on the other sites (all P ＜ 0.05);vascular proliferation was observed in 313 (31.0％) cases,and more commonly occurred on the scalp than on the other sites (P＜0.05);nevus cells distributed along the hair follicles/sebaceous glands were observed in 502 (49.7％)cases,and more commonly seen on the face and neck than on the other sites (P ＜ 0.05);nevus cell lysis occurred in 203 (20.1％) cases,and fissures were observed in 384 (38.0％).All the above histopathological characteristics were more frequently observed in the intradermal nevus subtype than in the compound nevus subtype (all P＜0.05).Nevus cells distributed along the blood vessels were observed in 20 (2.0％) cases,and more commonly seen on the extremities than on the trunk,hands and feet (P ＜ 0.05),as well as in the compound nevus subtype than in the intradermal nevus subtype (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions There are many special histopathological characteristics in melanocytic nevi,such as neuralization,adipose cell hyperplasia,vascular proliferation,and nevus cells distributed along the hair follicles/sebaceous glands,which are associated with patients' age,gender,lesional locations and histopathological subtypes.

Agminated atypical melanocytic nevus associated with Langerhans cell histiocytosis

Abstract: Agminated nevus refers to the presence of multiple nevi grouped in a circumscribed skin area; it is rarely reported in the literature. This report presents the case of a 10-year-old female patient with a history of Langerhans cell histiocytosis, who presents multiple nevi in the lumbar and inguinal region. In the histopathological study, an atypical melanocytic nevus was reported. Wood's lamp examination discarded the presence of nevus spilus, and the diagnosis of agminated nevus was reached. The association of this type of nevus with Langerhans cell histiocytosis is rare, and only four cases were found reported in the indexed literature. The reason for this association is unknown, thus a new theory about its origin is presented here.

Metástasis cerebral de melanoma lentiginoso acral / Brain metastasis of acral lentiginous melanoma. Case report

Resumen Introducción. El melanoma lentiginoso acral es un subtipo de melanoma potencialmente agresivo y el tercer tumor primario en producir metástasis cerebral. Debuta con síntomas neurológicos y hemorragia intracerebral en el 50% de los casos y afecta las palmas de las manos, las plantas de los pies y las regiones subungueales. Su pronóstico es pobre en comparación con otras variantes clínicas debido a que estos melanomas son diagnosticados de forma tardía. Representan el 4% de todas las neoplasias malignas de la piel y son responsables del 80% de las muertes. Presentación del caso. Paciente masculino de 44 años de edad, foto tipo cutáneo tipo IV, que presenta lesión en planta de pie izquierdo, pigmentada y ulcerada, de crecimiento lento con cerca de 2 años de evolución. El sujeto fue sometido a intervención quirúrgica para resección de melanoma lentiginoso acral 1 año atrás e ingresó a emergencias por presentar cuadro neurológico súbito y compromiso de conciencia. Se realizó tomografía axial computarizada cerebral donde se observó tumoración temporoparietal izquierda hiperdensa de 4.1x5cm con edema perilesional y hemorragia. Previa estabilización, el hombre fue referido a un centro hospitalario de mayor nivel para tratamiento microquirúrgico. Conclusiones. Dado que el melanoma metastásico es una enfermedad incurable, el diagnostico precoz y oportuno de lesiones dérmicas accesibles a la inspección para iniciar tratamiento es prioritario para mejorar el pronóstico de esta enfermedad.

Abstract Introduction: Acral lentiginous melanoma is a subtype of potentially aggressive melanoma and the third primary tumor to cause brain metastases. It debuts with neurological symptoms and intracerebral hemorrhage in 50% of the cases, and affects the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet and the subungual regions. Its prognosis is poor compared to other clinical variants because these melanomas are diagnosed late. They account for 4% of all malignant skin neoplasms and are responsible for 80% of deaths. Case presentation: 44-year-old male patient, skin phototype IV, who had a lesion on the left foot sole, pigmented and ulcerated, of slow growth, with about 2 years of evolution. The subject underwent surgery for resection of acral lentiginous melanoma 1 year before consultation and was admitted to the emergency department due to sudden neurological symptoms and compromised consciousness. Computed tomography scan of the brain was performed, showing a hyperdense temporoparietal left tumor of 4.1x5cm with perilesional edema and hemorrhage. After stabilization, the patient was referred to a higher level hospital for microsurgical treatment. Conclusions: Since metastatic melanomas are incurable, early and timely diagnosis of dermal lesions accessible for inspection to initiate treatment is a priority to improve the prognosis of this disease.

Differential expression of miR-146a-5p in giant congenital melanocytic nevi, medium-sized congenital melanocytic nevi and normal skin / 中华整形外科杂志

Objective@#To investigate the differences in miRNA expression levels between giant congenital melanocytic nevi, medium-sized congenital melanocytic nevi and normal skin.@*Methods@#The experiment was divided into three groups: giant congenital melanocytic nevi group, medium-sized congenital melanocytic nevi group and normal skin group, with ten samples in each group. Firstly, 3 samples of each group were detected by Agilent miRN Amicroarray to screen the different miRNAs between different groups. 5 differential miRNAs related to MAPK, Wnt, NF-kB signaling pathways were selected for further verification: miR-146a-5p, miR-140-5p, miR-106b-5p, miR-17-5p, and miR-483-5p. miRNA expression levels were measured using real-time quantitative PCR (Taqman) in ten clinical samples from each group. .Experimental data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0.@*Results@#A total of 23 differential miRNAs between congenital melanocytic nevi and normal skin were found by miRNA microarray detection. The results of real-time PCR showed that miR-146a-5p expression was significantly different between the three groups: giant congenital melanocytic nevi VS medium-sized congenital melanocytic nevi (P=0.003); giant congenital melanocytic nevi VS normal skin (P=0.000); medium-sized congenital melanocytic nevi VS normal skin (P=0.013). There was no statistically significant difference in the expression of the other four miRNAs between the 3 groups.@*Conclusions@#The expression of miR-146a-5p is increased in congenital melanocytic nevi, especially in giant congenital melanocytic nevi, which may be related to the proliferation and senescence of melanocytes in different tissues.

Choroidal nevus / 中华眼底病杂志

Choroidal nevus is one of the most common benign melanocytic tumor.The prevalence rate of choroidal nevi is 0.15％-10.00％,which is high among whites and low among colored people,and is obvious higher in male than that in female.Secondary changes in the surrounding retina of the benign tumor,such as subretinal fluid and choroidal neovascularization,may result in vision loss.This benign tumor carries risks for transformation into malignant melanoma.The factors predictive of transformation into melanoma included greater thickness,subretinal fluid,visual symptoms,orange lipofuscin pigment,tumor location (tumor margin near optic disc),ultrasonography hollowness and absence of halo.Early identification of the related features which impair visual acuity is important for early treatment and better prognosis,and it is especially important to monitor the tendency of malignant transformation.Optical coherence tomography (OCT) could provide detailed information which aid in diagnosing,differentiating and monitoring of choroidal nevi.OCT and optical coherence tomography angiography are emerging as excellent techniques to investigate choroidal melanocytic lesions.The treatment modalities,such as laser photocoagulation,photodynamic therapy and intravitreal anti-vascular endothelium growth factor,have been proved to be effective for choroidal nevi with secondary changes.In the future,the relevant researches should be imposed to provide more detailed information in order to explore the nature and characteristics of this disease.

Comparison of diagnostic performance of dermatologists versus deep convolutional neural network for dermoscopic images of pigmented nevus and seborrheic keratosis / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To compare the diagnostic accuracies of deep convolutional neural network (CNN) and dermatologists for pigmented nevus and seborrheic keratosis.Methods CNN network ResNet-50 was trained with 5 094 dermoscopic images of pigmented nevus and seborrheic keratosis using transfer learning,so as to establish a CNN two-classification model.Then,this model was applied to the automatic classification of 30 dermoscopic images of pigmented nevus and 30 dermoscopic images of seborrheic keratosis.Meanwhile,in combination with clinical photos of skin lesions,95 experienced dermatologists who had received dermoscopy training gave their diagnosis for the above 60 dermoscopic images.The diagnostic accuracies were compared between the two methods,and misclassified images were further analyzed.Results The CNN automatic classification model had the diagnostic accuracies of 100％ (30/30)and 76.67％ (23/30) for pigmented nevus and seborrheic keratosis respectively,and the total accuracy was 88.33％ (53/60).The average diagnostic accuracies of 95 dermatologists were 82.98％ (25.8/30) and 85.96％ (24.9/30) for pigmented nevus and seborrheic keratosis respectively,and the total accuracy was 84.47％ (50.7/60).There were no significant differences in the diagnostic accuracies for pigmented nevus or seborrheic keratosis between the CNN automatic classification model and 95 dermatologists (x2 =0.38,P ＞ 0.05).The dermoscopic images misclassified by CNN were divided into 3 categories:special-type lesions with high pigment content and marked keratosis,typical skin lesions with interference factors,and typical skin lesions without definite reasons for misclassification.Conclusions The performance of CNN automatic classification model is similar to that of experienced dermatologists in the two classification of pigmented nevus and seborrheic keratosis.The reasons for misclassification by CNN still need to be explored by dermatologists and professionals in artificial intelligence.

Caracterización de pacientes en edad pediátrica con nevos melanocíticos / Characterization of pediatric patients with melanocytic nevi

Fundamento: Los nevos melanocíticos son lesiones cutáneas benignas muy frecuentes que se encuentran en la totalidad de la población. Son proliferaciones derivadas de los melanocitos, las células responsables de la pigmentación normal de la piel.Objetivo: caracterizar los pacientes en edad pediátrica portadores de nevos melanocíticos.Métodos: estudio descriptivo de serie de casos. Fueron estudiados todos los pacientes (N=174) con nevos melanocíticos (N=194) que acudieron a la consulta especializada del Hospital Pediátrico Paquito González Cueto, en el período comprendido desde noviembre de 2013 hasta a noviembre de 2014. Parte de la información fue tomada de las historias clínicas. Se realizó diagnóstico clínico y dermatoscópico de los nevos. Para clasificar las lesiones según el grado de malignidad, se aplicó el índice dermatoscópico total.Resultados: predominaron los pacientes de nueve años de edad, así como los de sexo femenino y color blanco de la piel. El 74 % de los pacientes presentó antecedentes patológicos familiares de nevos. Los nevos adquiridos fueron los más frecuentes (44,2 %), seguidos de los congénitos (42,5 %). En el puntaje dermatoscópico predominaron los nevos benignos con 90,7 %. En el 29,4 % de las biopsias indicadas no se correspondió el diagnóstico clínico con el histológico.Conclusión: en pacientes pediátricos es importante la vigilancia de la aparición de nevos fundamentalmente en edades próximas a la pubertad, y en niños de piel blanca. Tanto el diagnóstico clínico como el dermatoscópico son importantes, pero el estudio histológico es imprescindible cuando existe sospecha de lesiones malignas o con tendencia a malignizarse.

Foundation: Melanocytic nevi are very common benign skin lesions found in the entire population. They are proliferations derived from melanocytes, the cells responsible for normal skin pigmentation.Objective: to characterize pediatric patients with melanocytic nevi.Methods: descriptive study of case series. All patients (N = 174) with melanocytic nevi (N = 194) who attended the specialized clinic of the Paquito González Cueto Pediatric Hospital were studied in the period from November 2013 to November 2014. Some information was taken from the medical records. Clinical and dermatoscopic diagnosis of nevi was performed. To classify the lesions according to the degree of malignancy, the total dermatoscopic index was applied.Results: nine-year-old patients predominated, as well as female and white skin. 74% of the patients had a family history of nevi. The acquired nevi were the most frequent (44.2%), followed by the congenital ones (42.5%). Results: nine-year-old patients, as well as female and white skin, predominated. In the dermatoscopy score benign nevi was predominant with 90.7%. In 29.4% of the biopsies indicated, the clinical and histological diagnosis did not correspond.Conclusion: in pediatric patients, it is important to monitor the appearance of nevi mainly at ages close to puberty, and in children with white skin. Both the clinical and the dermatoscopy diagnosis are important, but the histological study is essential when there is suspicion of malignant lesions or with the trend to be malignant.

Melanosis neurocutánea: presentación de caso / Neurocutaneous melanosis: a case report

Fundamento: la melanosis neurocutánea es un trastorno congénito no hereditario que se caracteriza por la asociación de nevus pigmentados múltiples o de gran tamaño y una excesiva proliferación de melanocitos en el sistema nervioso central. Por lo general los síntomas neurológicos son de temprana aparición en la etapa de lactante con presencia de convulsiones de difícil control, al crear un pronóstico reservado. Objetivo: presentar un caso con diagnóstico clínico de melanosis neurocutánea con manifestaciones neurológicas como son las convulsiones desde la etapa de lactante. Caso clínico: paciente masculino que nace con mancha melánica gigante que se extiende desde el tórax al abdomen, región inguinal, genital y miembros inferior como pieza de vestir. En la región posterior de espalda, comienza en ambos flancos, región sacra hasta la mitad de ambas piernas, aparecen convulsiones al mes de nacido. Al continuar la aparición de manchas hiperpigmentada por todo el cuerpo, que ya al año de vida son mayores más oscuras acompañadas de vello grueso, con crisis epilépticas refractaria al tratamiento. Conclusiones: esta enfermedad que se produce por el aumento de melanina a la piel y el sistema nervioso central, requiere una vigilancia de las lesiones dérmicas y un control de las crisis convulsivas. Se considera importante el seguimiento del neurodesarrollo de forma multidisciplinario para intervención oportuna si fuera necesario.

Background: neurocutaneous melanosis is a non-hereditary congenital disorder characterized by the association of multiple or large pigmented nevus and an excessive proliferation of melanocytes in the central nervous system. Neurological symptoms are usually of early onset in the infant stage with convulsions of difficult control, making the forecast reserved. Objective: to present a case with clinical diagnosis of neurocutaneous melanosis with neurological manifestations such as seizures from the infant stage. Clinical case: a male patient born with a giant melanoma stain that extends from the thorax to the abdomen, inguinal region, genital and lower limbs as a dressing. In the posterior region of the back, it begins in both flanks, sacral region until the misty of both legs, presenting convulsions at one month old. Continuing the appearance of hyperpigmented spots all over the body, which at the age of life are larger darker accompanied by thick hair, with epileptic seizures refractory to treatment. Conclusions: this disease that is produced by the increase of melanin to the skin and the central nervous system requires a monitoring of dermal lesions and a control of seizures, considering the importance of neurodevelopmental follow-up in a multidisciplinary way for timely intervention if necessary.

Pigmented Kamino bodies: a little-known histological finding. Prevalence in 19 cases of Reed nevus

Abstract The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of Kamino bodies in Reed nevus, since most studies to date show conflicting data on this issue. This was a retrospective observational study, in which the histopathology of 19 Reed nevus lesions were reviewed. The slides were stained by hematoxylin and eosin and periodic acid-Schiff, with a special focus placed on the identification of Kamino bodies. Some clinical data were also collected. The median patient age was 12 years (range of 2 to 58). The women to men ratio was 5:4. Lesions were located on different parts of the body. Kamino bodies were found in eleven lesions (57.89%). five showed pigmented Kamino bodies (26.31%), four non-pigmented Kamino bodies (21,05%), and 2 (10.52%) had both. Kamino bodies, pigmented or not, are a common histological finding in Reed nevus and may well represent a good marker to differentiate these from malignant melanomas.

Comparisons of choroidal nevus measurements obtained using 10- and 20-MHz ultrasound and spectral domain optical coherence tomography / Comparação entre a medida de nevus de coroide obtida com 10-MHz e 20-MHz e tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare measurements of lesions clinically diagnosed as choroidal nevi using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and 10- and 20-MHz ultrasound (US). Methods: This prospective study, which was conducted between May 2011 and December 2011, evaluated eyes diagnosed with choroidal nevus via photographic documentation using 10- or 20-MHz A- and B-mode US (experienced examiner using both the transpalpebral technique and direct contact) or SD-OCT in the enhanced depth imaging mode (performed by a different examiner blinded to the US results). Anteroposterior (AP) and transverse (T) US sections corresponded to sections adjusted perpendicularly on SD-OCT. Results: We evaluated 14 eyes from 12 patients (six males, mean patient age= 64.5 years) diagnosed with choroidal nevus. The choroidal nevi of all samples had a melanocytic profile. Moreover, eight nevi were located at the equator, five nevi were located in the posterior pole (peripapillary in one sample), and one nevus shifted from the equator to the periphery. On SD-OCT, the maximum measurable dimension was 9 mm. The lesions in the posterior pole were easier to evaluate, and image acquisition of lesions located more peripherally was possible depending on patient cooperation. The accurate assessment of height was difficult. Baseline dimensions on 10- and 20-MHz US were larger than those determined via OCT. No significant differences in height were observed between US and SD-OCT. All parameters were statistically similar between 10- and 20-MHz US measurements. Conclusions: No significant difference in the AP and T diameters was observed between 10- and 20-MHz US measurements; however, these measurements (AP and T) were significantly higher than those obtained using OCT. No significant differences in height were observed among the techniques adopted.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar as medidas obtidas de lesões diagnosticadas clinicamente como nevus de coroide através da tomografia de coerência óptica de domínio espectral (Spectralis, Heidelberg Engineering, Inc.), ultrassonografia com 10 MHz e de 20 MHz. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo realizado entre maio e dezembro de 2011, avaliou olhos com diagnóstico de nevus de coroide, utilizando documentação fotográfica, ultrassonografia com transdutor 10-MHz e 20-MHz A- e B-mode e SD-OCT em modo de EDI, por um examinador diferente para cada técnica. Os cortes realizados perpendiculares entre si, correspondentes ao corte ântero-posterior e latero-lateral à ultrassonografia. Resultados: Foram avaliados 14 olhos de 12 pacientes (6 do sexo masculino), com média de idade média de 64,5 anos. Todos os nevus tinham um perfil melanocítico. Observou-se 8 nevus no equador, 5 no polo posterior (peripapilar em uma amostra), e 1 deslocado a partir do equador para a periferia. Em SD-OCT, a dimensão máxima mensurável foi de 9 mm. As lesões no polo posterior eram mais fáceis de avaliar e aquisição de imagens de lesões mais periféricas era possível, dependendo da colaboração do paciente. A avaliação precisa da altura era difícil. As dimensões usando transdutor 10-MHz e 20-MHz US foram maiores que as encontradas pelo SD-OCT. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na altura entre métodos SD-OCT e US. Todas as medidas foram estatisticamente semelhantes entre 20-MHz e 10-MHz. Conclusão: Para o parâmetro AP e T não foi detectada diferença entre as medidas utilizando US de 10-MHz e de 20-MHz. Porém estas medidas se mostraram significativamente maiores em relação à medida obtida com OCT. Para a altura, não foram detectadas diferenças estatística em relação à técnica utilizada, US 10-MHz e 20-MHz e SD-OCT.

A prospective study of patients with large congenital melanocytic nevi and the risk of melanoma

Abstract: Background: Large congenital melanocytic nevus (LCMN) is considered a risk factor for melanoma, although the magnitude of this risk is controversial. Objective: To evaluate the risk of melanoma development in patients with LCMN seen at a dermatology referral center in Brazil during a twelve-year period. To the best of our knowledge, there are no published similar studies on large congenital melanocytic nevus in South America. Methods: Our prospective cohort included only patients with congenital nevi ≥20cm. The cumulative risk of developing melanoma and the standardized morbidity ratio were calculated for patients followed up prospectively for at least 1 month. Results: Sixty-three patients were enrolled in this study. One patient who developed melanoma prior to enrollment was excluded, and five were eliminated because of insufficient follow-up time. Mean follow-up for the remaining 57 patients was 5.5 years (median 5.2 years). Median age of entry into the study was 2.6 years. Most patients (75.4%) underwent only clinical observation. Melanomas occurred in 2 (3.5%) patients. Five-year cumulative risk for melanoma was 4.8% (95% CI: 1.9-11.5%). Standardized morbidity ratio was 1584 (95% CI: 266-5232, p<0.001). Study limitations: The small sample size reduces the accuracy of risk estimates. Conclusions: This study analyzed prospectively for the first time data from South America demonstrating that patients with LCMN have a higher risk of developing melanoma than the general population (p<0.001).